The Hagia Sophia, also known as Ayasofya in Turkish, stands as one of the most awe-inspiring landmarks in the world, offering visitors a glimpse into the rich layers of history, art, and culture that have shaped Istanbul. With its soaring domes, exquisite mosaics, and architectural splendor, it is not just a monument but a symbol of the city’s unique blend of East and West, Christianity and Islam.
A Brief History of Hagia Sophia
Originally built as a Christian cathedral under Emperor Justinian I in 537 AD, the Hagia Sophia was the largest and most significant church in Christendom for nearly a thousand years. Designed by the mathematician Anthemius of Tralles and the physicist Isidore of Miletus, it was renowned for its immense dome and innovative engineering, which pushed the boundaries of what was possible in architecture at the time.
When the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed II, conquered Constantinople in 1453, the Hagia Sophia was converted into a mosque. This transformation added new Islamic elements, such as minarets, a mihrab (prayer niche), and calligraphic panels featuring Quranic verses. For nearly five centuries, it served as one of the most important mosques in the Muslim world.
In 1935, after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ordered that the Hagia Sophia be turned into a museum, symbolizing Turkey’s embrace of secularism. However, in 2020, it was reconverted into a mosque, while still remaining open to visitors of all faiths and backgrounds, a nod to its status as a symbol of both religious and cultural convergence.
Key Features of Hagia Sophia
The Dome
The massive dome of Hagia Sophia, standing 55.6 meters (182 feet) above the ground, seems to float miraculously above the vast interior space. The dome’s engineering, especially considering it was constructed in the 6th century, is one of the greatest marvels of ancient architecture. Its sheer scale is meant to evoke the heavens and offers a spiritual experience whether you are of Christian, Muslim, or secular persuasion.
Mosaics
Though many of the Christian mosaics were plastered over when Hagia Sophia was turned into a mosque, several have been uncovered and restored. One of the most famous is the Deësis Mosaic, depicting Christ flanked by the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist, found on the upper gallery. Other stunning mosaics include images of various Byzantine emperors and empresses, including the Emperor Justinian Mosaic holding a model of Hagia Sophia.
Islamic Elements
The mosque features many stunning Islamic additions, including the mihrab (niche indicating the direction of Mecca), minarets added by different sultans, and massive calligraphic medallions displaying the names of Allah, the Prophet Muhammad, and the first four caliphs of Islam. These additions complement the Christian artwork, making the Hagia Sophia a unique visual blend of two major world religions.
The Weeping Column
One of the more mysterious features of Hagia Sophia is the Weeping Column, a pillar with a hole that visitors can place their thumb into. According to legend, the column has miraculous properties, and people come hoping for healing or good fortune.
Visiting Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia is open daily, with the exception of prayer times on Fridays, when it is closed to visitors during midday prayers. Early mornings or late afternoons are the best times to visit, as the midday hours tend to be crowded. Visiting in the off-season, such as late fall or early spring, will also help you avoid large crowds.
Entry Fees
As of its reconversion into a mosque, there is no longer an entry fee to visit Hagia Sophia. However, donations are welcome, and modest dress is required. Women should bring a scarf to cover their heads, and all visitors should remove their shoes before entering the prayer hall.
Navigating Inside
The Hagia Sophia’s ground floor offers a closer look at the mihrab, minbar (pulpit), and Islamic calligraphy, while the upper galleries provide breathtaking views of the dome and mosaics. The upper gallery can be accessed via a stone ramp, which is a unique feature of the building.
Take time to appreciate the intricate details of the mosaics, the balance of Christian and Islamic motifs, and the sheer architectural genius that has kept the structure intact for nearly 1,500 years.
Tips for Visitors
Visiting the Hagia Sophia can be an awe-inspiring experience, but there are some important things to keep in mind to ensure a smooth and respectful visit. Here are a few practical tips to help you make the most of your trip:
Dress Modestly
Since Hagia Sophia functions as an active mosque, modest attire is expected out of respect for Islamic customs and those who come to worship.
- For Women: It’s recommended that women bring a headscarf to cover their heads inside the mosque. You can bring your own scarf, but if you forget, there are often scarves available at the entrance. Shoulders, cleavage, and knees should also be covered, so opt for loose-fitting tops and long skirts or trousers.
- For Men: Men should avoid wearing shorts or sleeveless tops. Instead, wear long pants and a short-sleeved or long-sleeved shirt to ensure that your attire meets the mosque’s guidelines.
While modest dress is necessary, it’s also worth noting that the interior of Hagia Sophia is vast, and you may spend a considerable amount of time exploring the structure, so choose comfortable yet respectful clothing.
Photography
Photography is generally allowed inside Hagia Sophia, but it’s important to be mindful of the space as a place of worship. If you’re visiting during prayer times or when worshippers are present, be discreet and avoid taking photographs of people praying. As a visitor, showing respect for those engaged in religious practice is paramount.
Avoid using flash photography inside the mosque, as it can be disruptive. The natural lighting inside Hagia Sophia is usually quite sufficient for capturing beautiful images, particularly in the early morning or late afternoon when sunlight streams through the windows.
There may be some areas restricted during prayer times or parts of the upper galleries that are not accessible to visitors. Be sure to heed any signs or instructions from the staff regarding these spaces.
Be Mindful of Prayer Times
Hagia Sophia remains an active place of worship, and as such, there are five daily prayers conducted within its walls. As a non-Muslim visitor, it’s important to be aware of these prayer times, particularly on Fridays, the holiest day of the week in Islam.
- Midday Prayer on Fridays: This is the most significant prayer time of the week, and Hagia Sophia will be closed to tourists during this period. Typically, the mosque will close for about an hour during the midday prayers (around noon to 1 p.m.), so plan your visit around this time to avoid any inconvenience.
- Holiday Closures: On major Islamic holidays, such as Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, Hagia Sophia may be particularly busy or closed to non-worshippers during certain hours. Checking in advance with your guide or hotel concierge is a good idea to ensure you don’t arrive at a time when the mosque is inaccessible.
You can also download an app or check websites that list the local prayer times for Istanbul to plan your visit accordingly.
Take a Guided Tour
While exploring the Hagia Sophia on your own is certainly possible, the sheer volume of history and symbolism embedded in the architecture can be overwhelming. Opting for a guided tour can significantly enhance your experience and provide deeper context to the building’s multifaceted history.
Why take a tour? A knowledgeable guide will explain the significance of the mosaics, Islamic calligraphy, the dome’s engineering, and other key features that might not be immediately apparent. Many tours also cover Hagia Sophia’s transition through different periods—Byzantine, Ottoman, and modern Turkey—giving you a more comprehensive understanding of its cultural significance.
If you’re an English-speaking visitor, there are numerous options for guided tours, both private and group. These tours are often available at the entrance or can be arranged through your hotel or online in advance.
Alternatively, if you prefer to go at your own pace but still want to learn about the history, consider renting an audio guide. These guides are available in multiple languages and provide detailed commentary on specific parts of the building as you explore.
Respect Local Customs
As with any sacred place, it’s important to be mindful of local customs and behaviors when visiting Hagia Sophia. Here are a few ways to ensure you’re showing respect:
Visitors are required to remove their shoes when entering the main prayer hall. There are designated areas for you to leave your shoes, but bringing a small bag to carry them in is a good idea if you want to avoid crowding or losing track of your footwear.
Hagia Sophia is a place of contemplation for many, so try to keep conversations quiet and respectful, especially in areas where people may be praying or reflecting.
Eating and drinking inside the mosque is not allowed. If you’re carrying food or water, wait until you’re outside to consume it.
Allow Sufficient Time
The Hagia Sophia is vast, and between its ground floor, upper galleries, and exterior grounds, there is plenty to see. While a quick visit might take an hour or so, to fully appreciate the beauty and history of the building, plan for at least 2 to 3 hours.
- Upper Galleries: Don’t miss the chance to visit the upper galleries, which provide stunning views of the interior and are home to some of the most famous mosaics. The stone ramp leading to the gallery is a unique feature of the building and adds to the experience.
- Nearby Attractions: Since Hagia Sophia is located in the heart of the historic Sultanahmet district, plan to visit other nearby landmarks such as the Blue Mosque, Topkapi Palace, or the Basilica Cistern to make the most of your time in the area.
By keeping these tips in mind, you can ensure that your visit to Hagia Sophia is not only enjoyable but also respectful of the cultural and religious significance this monument holds for millions of people worldwide.
Nearby Attractions
Istanbul’s historic Sultanahmet district, where Hagia Sophia is located, is a treasure trove of other important sights. Within walking distance, you’ll find:
- The Blue Mosque: Another iconic mosque that stands directly across from Hagia Sophia, the Blue Mosque (Sultan Ahmed Mosque) is known for its stunning blue tile work and equally impressive domes and minarets.
- Topkapi Palace: Once the home of Ottoman sultans, Topkapi Palace is a sprawling complex filled with opulent rooms, stunning gardens, and relics from the Ottoman era, including the Prophet Muhammad’s cloak and sword.
- Basilica Cistern: Just a few steps away from Hagia Sophia is the Basilica Cistern, an ancient underground water reservoir with atmospheric columns and even a few mythological Medusa heads submerged in the water.
- Grand Bazaar: A short walk or tram ride away, the Grand Bazaar is one of the world’s largest and oldest covered markets, where you can shop for everything from Turkish carpets to spices and jewelry.