The Arc de Triomphe was designed to honor the French army and commemorate the triumphs of the Napoleonic Wars. The architect Jean Chalgrin was responsible for its Neoclassical design, drawing inspiration from Roman triumphal arches. Despite its beginnings under Napoleon, the arch wasn’t completed until 1836, long after his fall from power.
Today, it remains a symbol of French military strength, but also a memorial to the country’s fallen soldiers. Inscribed on the arch’s pillars are the names of important generals and battles from the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. Beneath the arch lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, added in 1921, honoring those who died in World War I, with an eternal flame that is rekindled every evening at 6:30 PM.
The Arc de Triomphe is more than just a symbol of French national pride. It is a grand piece of architecture, packed with intricate details that commemorate the country’s military victories and losses. Let’s dive deeper into the key features of this monumental structure, from its imposing dimensions to its artistic details and panoramic views.
Size and Architectural Grandeur
Standing at 50 meters (164 feet) tall, 45 meters (148 feet) wide, and 22 meters (72 feet) deep, the Arc de Triomphe is one of the largest triumphal arches in the world. It dominates Place Charles de Gaulle and commands attention from afar, towering over the surrounding buildings and avenues. To fully appreciate its massive scale, stand at its base and look up—visitors often remark on its overwhelming presence.
The design reflects the Neoclassical style, inspired by ancient Roman arches like the Arch of Titus. However, the Arc de Triomphe is larger and built with a stronger sense of monumentality, fitting for the grand ambitions of Napoleon Bonaparte, who wanted a lasting tribute to his military conquests. Its sturdy, solid appearance is a visual metaphor for strength, stability, and endurance—values the French army was meant to embody.
Sculptures – Stories Carved in Stone
The four sculptural groups adorning the base of the Arc de Triomphe are not mere decoration; they are deeply symbolic and tell the story of France’s military history. These masterpieces are filled with movement, emotion, and allegory:
The Departure of the Volunteers (La Marseillaise)
This dramatic relief, sculpted by François Rude, is perhaps the most famous of the four. It depicts the spirit of France, embodied as a winged female figure, calling volunteers to defend the nation during the French Revolutionary Wars. This figure has come to represent Liberty, a recurring theme in French national identity. The soldiers depicted are shown running toward battle, full of energy and determination, and the entire composition bursts with a sense of patriotic fervor.
The Triumph of 1810
Sculpted by Jean-Pierre Cortot, this relief celebrates Napoleon’s victory in the Battle of Austerlitz, a turning point in his military career. In the center, Napoleon is crowned by the allegorical figure of Victory, signifying his supreme power. The triumphal theme is further emphasized by surrounding figures of soldiers and generals, immortalizing the Napoleonic glory days.
Resistance of 1814
Created by Antoine Étex, this sculpture commemorates the fierce resistance of the French army during the War of the Sixth Coalition, when foreign armies invaded France. The emotional depth of this work contrasts with the triumph of Napoleon’s earlier years, depicting not just military power but also the courage and suffering endured by the French soldiers.
Peace of 1815
Also by Antoine Étex, this relief reflects a more somber moment in French history—the peace established after Napoleon’s defeat and abdication in 1815. While it symbolizes the end of conflict, it is also a tribute to the resilience of the nation in the face of great hardship.
Together, these sculptures offer a visual journey through the highs and lows of French military history. Each group tells a distinct story, combining historical facts with the emotional and allegorical significance of war, resistance, and peace.
Interior Museum
Many visitors are unaware that the Arc de Triomphe houses a small museum inside, providing context and history about the monument itself. The museum features exhibits on the arch’s construction, its changing role through different periods of French history, and its restoration efforts. You’ll find historical photographs, original plans, and artistic models detailing how Jean Chalgrin’s vision was realized.
A particularly interesting part of the museum is its look into the political symbolism of the Arc de Triomphe. It explores how the monument’s meaning has evolved—from a Napoleonic symbol of victory to a broader representation of French resilience and unity after later conflicts, especially during World War I and II.
Panoramic View
One of the most exciting aspects of visiting the Arc de Triomphe is the opportunity to climb its 284 steps to reach the viewing platform at the top. Although the climb may be a bit strenuous for some, it is well worth the effort. As you ascend, you pass through corridors lined with memorial plaques, adding a reflective element to your journey.
Once at the top, you are rewarded with one of the best panoramic views in Paris. From this elevated position, the Eiffel Tower, the Sacré-Cœur Basilica on Montmartre, and the glass skyscrapers of La Défense all stretch out before you. You’ll also have an unparalleled view of Place Charles de Gaulle, often called the Place de l’Étoile (Star Plaza) because of its star-shaped configuration, with twelve avenues—including the famous Champs-Élysées—radiating outward.
The view emphasizes Paris’ masterful urban planning, especially the monumental axis (known as the Axe historique) that runs from the Louvre to the Grande Arche at La Défense, crossing the Arc de Triomphe. Standing at the top, you’ll gain a sense of the city’s elegant layout and the grand vision that shaped modern Paris. Visitors often linger here, soaking in the beauty of the skyline and snapping photos of one of the most Instagrammable spots in the city.
Interesting Facts
The Arc de Triomphe has been the backdrop for many defining moments in French and world history. These moments are a testament to its significance as a national symbol, not only of military victory but also of resilience and unity. Let’s explore some of the most fascinating and unusual episodes in its long and storied history.
Adolf Hitler’s Visit and the Liberation of Paris
One of the darkest chapters in the history of the Arc de Triomphe came during World War II, when Adolf Hitler visited Paris after the Nazi occupation of France in June 1940. Upon entering the city, Hitler made a point of visiting its key landmarks, including the Eiffel Tower and the Arc de Triomphe. His visit to the Arc, a monument to French military power, symbolized the defeat of France and was a chilling moment for the nation.
Four years later, the Arc de Triomphe played a central role in one of France’s most celebrated moments—the liberation of Paris in August 1944. After days of intense fighting between the French Resistance and the occupying Nazi forces, the Allied troops, led by General Charles de Gaulle, marched triumphantly down the Champs-Élysées and past the Arc de Triomphe. This parade signified not just the end of Nazi rule in France but the revival of national pride. The image of de Gaulle striding through the Arc has become iconic, a lasting reminder of France’s resistance and resilience.
Charles Godefroy’s Daring Flight Through the Arc
Perhaps one of the most daring and thrilling moments in the Arc de Triomphe’s history occurred in 1919, when Charles Godefroy, a French aviator, flew a biplane through the arch. This remarkable stunt was performed to commemorate the end of World War I and honor the sacrifices of French soldiers. Godefroy’s flight was a bold and symbolic gesture, representing not only the bravery of French pilots during the war but also the spirit of victory and liberation.
The feat was no small challenge—Godefroy had to navigate his Nieuport 11 biplane through the arch’s narrow space, with only 14.5 meters (47 feet) of clearance. The act was captured on film and remains one of the most famous aerial stunts in French history. To this day, it stands as a testament to the daring and courageous spirit that the Arc de Triomphe commemorates.
The Grande Axe: From the Arc de Triomphe to La Défense
The Arc de Triomphe is part of a grand urban design known as the Axe historique, or the Historical Axis, which stretches from the heart of Paris at the Louvre Museum to the towering modern skyscrapers of La Défense. This axis represents both the past and future of Paris, connecting its royal and revolutionary heritage with its modern business district.
The Axe historique begins at the Louvre, originally a royal palace, and continues through the Tuileries Gardens and the Place de la Concorde, where the Obelisk of Luxor stands. From there, it follows the Champs-Élysées, leading straight to the Arc de Triomphe. Beyond the Arc, the axis extends along the Avenue de la Grande-Armée, and finally reaches the Grande Arche at La Défense, a modern counterpart to the Arc de Triomphe.
The Grande Arche, completed in 1989, mirrors the shape of the Arc de Triomphe but on a much grander scale. It stands as a symbol of modernity and innovation, just as the Arc de Triomphe symbolized the military might and glory of Napoleon’s era. Together, these monuments frame the skyline of Paris, linking its historical legacy to its present and future.
Other Noteworthy Facts
- Napoleon’s Funeral: In 1840, nearly two decades after his death in exile, Napoleon’s remains were returned to France. His funeral procession passed under the Arc de Triomphe, honoring the man who had commissioned the monument, even though he never lived to see its completion.
- The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier: The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, located beneath the Arc, was inaugurated in 1921 as a tribute to the unidentified French soldiers who died during World War I. An eternal flame burns beside the tomb, and it has become a deeply symbolic and sacred site, representing the countless lives lost in both world wars. Every evening at 6:30 PM, the flame is rekindled in a solemn ceremony.
- A Presidential Tradition: Since 1919, every French president has laid a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier on Armistice Day (November 11), marking the end of World War I. This has become a major national ceremony, reinforcing the Arc’s role as a monument of national remembrance.
- Mass Celebrations and Protests: The Arc de Triomphe has also been the center of massive public gatherings, both celebratory and political. It was the site of exuberant celebrations when France won the FIFA World Cup in 1998 and 2018. At the same time, it has witnessed protests and clashes, including during the Yellow Vest movement in recent years.
Tips for Visiting the Arc de Triomphe
Visiting the Arc de Triomphe is an unforgettable experience, offering breathtaking views, rich history, and a deep sense of French culture. To make the most of your visit, here are some essential tips to ensure you have a smooth, enjoyable, and meaningful trip to this iconic monument.
Best Time to Visit
The Arc de Triomphe is a popular destination year-round, attracting tourists from all over the world. To avoid large crowds and long waits, it’s best to visit early in the morning or later in the evening.
If you’re an early riser, getting to the Arc around opening time (10:00 AM) will offer a quieter, more serene experience. The cool morning light casts a beautiful glow on the monument, and you’ll have more time and space to explore the details of its sculptures and the panoramic view without the rush of daytime crowds.
For a truly magical experience, visit in the evening. As the sun sets, the Arc de Triomphe and Champs-Élysées light up, creating a picturesque scene that is quintessentially Parisian. This is also a great time to witness the eternal flame ceremony at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, held daily at 6:30 PM. Watching the flame being rekindled in a solemn ritual adds a layer of meaning to your visit, reminding you of the sacrifices the monument represents.
Additionally, if you visit at night, you’ll be treated to spectacular views of Paris illuminated, with the Eiffel Tower sparkling in the distance, making the evening a particularly romantic and memorable time to be there.
How to Get to Arc de Triomphe
The Arc de Triomphe is located at the center of the Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly known as Place de l’Étoile, at the western end of the Champs-Élysées. This traffic-heavy roundabout is one of the busiest in Paris, connecting twelve major avenues, so navigating it on foot requires careful planning.
The easiest and most convenient way to reach the Arc de Triomphe is by using the Paris metro system. The nearest metro station is Charles de Gaulle–Étoile, which is served by Lines 1, 2, and 6, as well as the RER A suburban train line. From there, follow signs directing you to the Arc, and use the underground pedestrian passage to safely reach the monument. Avoid trying to cross the busy roundabout, as it can be dangerous and is not recommended.
Alternatively, there are several bus lines that stop nearby, including routes 22, 30, 31, 52, 73, and 92, making the Arc easily accessible from different parts of the city.
If you’re staying in central Paris, walking to the Arc de Triomphe can be a delightful experience. A leisurely stroll up the Champs-Élysées toward the Arc offers a glimpse of Parisian life, luxury boutiques, and famous cafés along one of the world’s most famous avenues.
Tickets
To access the top of the Arc de Triomphe and enjoy its panoramic views, you’ll need to purchase a ticket. There are several options for obtaining your ticket:
Tickets can be bought at the monument’s entrance. However, during peak hours, lines can be long, especially in the summer and during holidays.
For a quicker and smoother experience, it’s highly recommended to purchase your tickets online in advance. This allows you to skip the ticket-buying line and head straight to the entrance. The official website offers a range of ticket options and timed-entry slots.
Several groups enjoy free access to the monument, including:
- Visitors under the age of 18
- European Union citizens aged 18–25
- Individuals with disabilities and their companions
- Teachers in France
On certain national holidays, such as Bastille Day (July 14) or the first Sunday of the month during low season (from November to March), the Arc de Triomphe may also offer free entry for all visitors.
Accessibility
While the Arc de Triomphe is a must-visit, it’s important to note that accessibility can be a challenge, particularly when it comes to reaching the viewing platform at the top.
There are 284 steps leading to the top, and there is no elevator to the viewing platform. This climb can be physically demanding, especially for those with mobility issues or young children. However, the journey up is punctuated with resting points, including access to the museum inside the arch, where visitors can pause and learn about the monument’s history.
While the outdoor viewing platform is only accessible via stairs, the interior museum can be accessed by a lift. The museum offers an interesting exhibit about the construction and significance of the Arc de Triomphe, so it’s still possible for visitors with reduced mobility to enjoy part of the experience.
Safety Tip: Avoid the Traffic
One of the most important safety tips for visitors is to avoid crossing the busy traffic lanes around the Arc de Triomphe. The Place Charles de Gaulle is a massive, 12-avenue roundabout with constant traffic, and attempting to cross it directly can be hazardous. Instead, use the dedicated underground pedestrian tunnel, which leads from the sidewalks to the base of the Arc. This tunnel is well-marked, safe, and easy to navigate, ensuring that you can reach the monument without putting yourself at risk in the chaotic roundabout.
Additional Tips for Your Visit
If you want to capture the best photos of the Arc de Triomphe, consider the following locations:
- From the Champs-Élysées, you can get a classic shot with the avenue stretching out toward the Arc.
- For a unique view, head to the terrace of the Publicis Drugstore nearby, which offers a great vantage point.
- At night, the illuminated monument with the flickering eternal flame makes for stunning night photograph
The top of the Arc de Triomphe is an open-air terrace, so if you’re visiting during the colder months or on a windy day, bring a jacket as it can get quite chilly at the top. In summer, sunglasses and sunscreen are advisable as there is little shade on the viewing platform.
Restrooms are available on-site, and there’s a small gift shop where you can purchase souvenirs related to the Arc and Paris.
Nearby Attractions
After visiting the Arc de Triomphe, you can easily explore nearby landmarks. A stroll down the Champs-Élysées is a great follow-up, or you can visit the Petit Palais or Grand Palais for art and cultural exhibitions. Alternatively, continue along the Axe historique towards the Louvre Museum, experiencing Paris’ architectural journey from the old city to modern La Défense.